Introduction: The right choice of tactical scheme of treatment of advanced peritonitis (PD) largely determines the prognosis of treatment in this pathology. The main supplier of mortality (20-80%) is a common pyoperitonitis (RSE) [2,3,6]. Development of surgical treatment does not facilitate the solution of specific diagnostic and tactical problems at the bedside, in the course of which must be determined by the choice of one of the following methods of treatment WP: half-closed way - the traditional, most commonly used method of surgical treatment, which consists in laparotomy, removal of the source of peritonitis, rehabilitation and drainage of the abdominal cavity, semi-open way - Improved sanitation landmark relaparotomy. The method is applied at a high bacterial contamination of the abdominal cavity, the impossibility in a single operation to eliminate completely the source of peritonitis or factors of progression in the presence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, open way - laparostomy is used in large neudalimyh destructive changes in the abdominal cavity, intestinal fistulas, and infected pancreatic necrosis .
The choice of surgical approach in practice often presents considerable difficulties. The main selection criteria are: the nature of exudates (including quantitative and qualitative bacteriological data), while the development of peritonitis, the degree of dysfunction of major organ systems. It is obvious that the time before surgery, as a reflection of the human factor is important for all patients. Prognostic and momentary assessment of the severity of patients with APACHE II scales and IPI [8,9] has clinical and scientific value and is recommended by the Conciliation Conference Societies pulmonologists and intensive care specialists, as well as [4,7,9], during the Plenary Session Problem Commission "emergency surgery" and "Purulent surgery" (Rostov-on-Don, 1999) [9].
Materials and methods: Results of treatment of 554 patients operated on for various forms of RP during 1990 to 2002. Separately analyzed the results of treating 273 patients with RSE. Of the group study excluded cases with cancer, mesenteric thrombosis, pancreatitis. In a survey before surgery and retrospectively studied the criteria scale APACHE II and Mannheim Peritonitis Index (preoperative score (DSS)). A survey of electrolytes and blood pH was performed using the analyzer Easy Lyte (USA). Analyzed the postoperative period in all operated patients. In a retrospective analysis of patients divided into 3 groups based research in accordance with the clinical characteristics of PD and postoperative course: patients with generalized peritonitis, treatment is carried out semi-closed method, the patients with RP, whose treatment was carried out semi-open way; patients operated on within a half-closed circuits, but due to the development of postoperative complications, it took at least one surgical intervention. That patients with progressive inflammation of peritoneum, which can be both objective and subjective (iatrogennye) reasons [5]. The initial state of peritonitis at the first operation can contribute to the development of intra-abdominal complications with destruction of the hollow body, and without it.
For alleging multiple organ dysfunction syndrome elected the brand viagra following symptoms: heart rate (sinus rhythm)> 110/min, respiratory rate> 24/min, mean arterial pressure <71 mm Hg, the level of hematocrit <21%, the Glasgow Coma Scale <11. The presence of one of the symptoms characterized "monoorgannuyu dysfunction, the presence of two or more symptoms defines" multiple organ dysfunction.
Results and discussion: The age interval examined patients from 14 to 92 years (average age 45.6 years). Main nosology noted in study groups: acute appendicitis, trauma, abdominal and retroperitoneal space, perforated ulcer of the stomach or duodenum, strangulated hernia of the anterior abdominal wall, acute intestinal obstruction (adhesive, gut volvulus, and other forms), gynecological pathology (purulent inflammation of the appendages , including abstsedirovaniem, metroendometrit).
In Table 1 we can trace the correlation between the severity of preoperative status and mortality rates, however, the main task of post-operative period is to reduce the diagnostic time in the event or the progression of RP.
Discussed in the literature how to decompress the gastrointestinal tract represent a real clinical interest [1]. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the primary (the first surgery for RSE) of the total intestinal intubation, peritoneal-enteral lavage and adequate drainage of the abdominal cavity as a single complex intra-operative measures in cases when they are absolutely shows. In each of the groups into separate subgroups identified patients whose method was not used and which method was used. Marker of treatment effectiveness was considered recovery of the patient. Indication to the above complex intraoperative events was considered the presence of RGP. In the group of patients whose treatment was carried out semi-closed method, summarizing the results excluded cases of gynecologic as cases in which testimony and intestinal decompression and enteral lavage are not certain.
choice for correction
stable remission
wrong interpretation
knowledge
placebo
miércoles, 26 de enero de 2011
jueves, 20 de enero de 2011
First Aid for veins
Have you ever wondered why we care about most parts of the body, but not on their feet? Although it is pain, swelling and heaviness in the legs protects us from a full life and deprive the usual pleasures. How to protect feet from chronic venous insufficiency, tell our article.
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is observed in more than 50% of adults, mostly brand viagra online aged 30-50 years. More than 65% of them - were women. Negative impact of chronic venous insufficiency on quality of life depends on the extent and severity of the pathological process. Patients with lesions of moderate severity did not feel comfortable, rather, an aesthetic nature, while the further development of the disease is accompanied by another, and pain. Women with moderate CVI complain primarily about the inconvenience of cosmetic (2 / 3 of all women), pain in the lower extremities and restrictions associated with CVD, there are equally common in men and women.
Chronic venous insufficiency - a disease of the veins, which is characterized by an increase in luminal diameter, thinning of the venous wall and the formation of "nodes" - anevrizmopodobnyh local extensions. The external signals CVI include "spider veins", "spider" and "mesh", as well as various seals in the legs and protruding veins. According to scientists, the main external factor contributing to varicose veins - bipedalism. As we know, there are no four-footed animals with chronic venous insufficiency, and the person the opportunity to walk on two legs to earn the risk pays chronic varicose veins. This risk increases significantly in people who have a lot to stand during the day, such as the sellers and hairdressers. But remember that sedentary work is not an escape from chronic venous insufficiency, in this case, circulation suffers in the same way as in the standing work. They do not like the veins and long walks - any dangerous monotony, and only the alternation of different types of loads may prevent the development of CVI. Significant role played by heredity - at CVI in one of the parents the child inherits it from the probability to 47%, while the disease in both parents - up to 89%.
In the development of the disease are three stages: compensation, and decompensation subcompensation. In the first stage of the disease are visible extended venous sites, there are complaints of fatigue and a feeling of heaviness in the legs, sometimes there is a local temperature rise in the region in knots. During stage subcompensation pain exacerbated the feeling of fullness in the affected limbs begin to disturb the swelling, which disappear after a long stay lying down with legs elevated. In decompensated swelling already observed continuously and virtually disappear, becoming visibly marked increase in venous sites, as well as diagnosed by enzymatic, metabolic and trophic disorders in the tissues.
Obviously, the expected beginning of the third stage of the disease is not necessary, it can be life threatening. The disease should be treated when the first complaints, and better yet - to prevent their occurrence and prevent the development of CVI. With the accumulation of clinical experience in the light of the pathogenesis of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities (HVNNK) it became clear that so popular earlier surgical intervention is not always able to solve the problem and should pay attention to conservative therapy. Pharmacotherapy can arrest the clinical manifestations and to prevent complications, improve the tone of the venous wall, adjust hemorheological disorders and significantly improve the processes of microcirculation.
In the development of chronic venous insufficiency are three stages:
• compensation - has been an increase venous sites, there are complaints of fatigue and a feeling of heaviness in the legs, sometimes there is a local temperature rise in knots;
• subindemnification - pain exacerbated the feeling of fullness in the affected limbs begin to disturb the swelling, which disappear after a long stay lying down with legs elevated;
• decompensation - edema observed continuously and virtually disappear, becoming visibly marked increase in venous sites, as well as diagnosed by enzymatic, metabolic and trophic disorders in the tissues.
Because drug treatment of CVI is carried out in a long time, the drugs used should have a minimum of undesirable effects, good tolerability and be comfortable to use. Most commercially available phytotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of CVI have similar properties, but only for a few of them have efficacy has been proven in clinical trials.
During the experiments, it was confirmed that the leaf extract of red grapes contains pharmacologically active flavonoids, the main ones are quercetin-glucuronide and izokvertsetin. During the oxidation of flavonoids formation of free radicals, which may affect enzymatic processes. Preparations containing leaf extract of red grapes, have a protective effect on the epithelium of blood vessels and increase the elasticity of blood vessels, thus normalizing vascular permeability, and affecting the system of "hyaluronic acid - hyaluronidase. It was found that decreasing the permeability of the vascular wall to plasma proteins from blood vessels into surrounding tissue slows the formation of edema and can reduce existing edema.
Leaf extract of red grapes is created on the basis of modern technologies with the use of natural extractive substances. It is worth emphasizing that the safety of this medicinal plant is especially important for patients with chronic diseases who were forced to receive treatment for a long time.
Currently, modern flebotropnye drugs through multivalent mechanism of action and minimal side effects are widely used for pharmacological correction of CVI. They can be used as monotherapy, in combination with surgery, elastic compression, physiotherapy procedures and remedial actions.
Reception preparations containing flavonoids, can cut or significantly reduce the symptoms of disease.
Expert opinion
Rostislav SINITSYN, doctor of the highest category of the Department of Surgery NMHTS them. NI Pirogov
As is known, the veins of the lower limbs represent a tree, consisting of large, medium and small branches, between which there are connections. Clearance of lower limb veins is almost 10 times greater than the lumen of the arteries. The wall of the vein, in contrast to the arterial wall, it does not express the muscle layer, resulting in blood in the veins rises under the influence of blood pressure. The rate of blood flow through the veins have a big effect to reduce the leg muscles - the muscle tone. Contracting, the muscles cause blood to climb up and even complete rest the muscles are in a constant tone, which promotes blood flow. When a person is in an upright position, the hydrostatic pressure acts in a direction opposite to the current venous blood, and creates in the veins of the lower limbs high blood pressure. Backflow of blood in a standing position and during exercise oppose venous valves. With congenital or acquired weakness of the connective tissue of muscles and vein walls precisely organized circulatory system begins to falter. The main risk factors that vitiate or contribute to the development of the disease are age, heredity, gender, multiple pregnancy, obesity, type of work, sedentary lifestyle, prolonged static loads and high growth.
It must be noted that the population of civilized countries are increasingly sedentary both at work and at home, sitting in front of the TV, and an increase in the amount of free time, only a few people associated with sports. Professions associated with the position of standing or sitting motionless, as characterized by an increased brand name levitra risk of developing varicose veins. This risk increases depending on the length of the profession. Smoking is known to cause various forms of arteriopathy. Statistics show that smokers are more likely to suffer from CVD than non-smokers. Other risk factors include poor nutrition, constipation, insufficient fiber intake, inguinal hernia and elevated blood pressure. In Western Europe, the cost of treatment of diseases of veins are about 2%. Faster and more often they lead to disability - access to the disability of the complications of venous disease are among the highest. However, most relevant for each patient with CVI - a substantial decline in the quality of life. To prevent venous disorders should try to lose weight, improve blood circulation of regular physical exercise as a long-haul flights on the plane every hour or two to walk ten minutes through the cabin, do not wear tight tights and socks, and with the least complaints of pain in my legs to see a doctor.
Today phlebologist arsenal of treatment options is very wide. Basis of the modern treatment of chronic venous disease are minimally invasive technology using endoscopic techniques, medical lasers, radio waves, and cryosurgery. Means of ultrasonic imaging provide accurate surgery, providing intra-and postoperative control. But, as it had not improved today, various surgical methods, a problem which is called "chronic venous disease, is multifaceted and requires an integrated approach. Indispensable for the treatment of CVI venoaktivnye drugs. Venoaktivnye products (VAP) - a term that was adopted by the international phlebological recommendations. Flebotropnye drugs are the basis for medical treatment, because they increase the outflow of the lower extremities. This is achieved by summing up the impacts on various parts of microvasculature. The main products is a fleboprotektivnyh flebotonicheskoe action, many of them directly affect the contractility of the venous wall, as well as stimulate lymph flow and possess anti-inflammatory activity. It is this feature that allows to work on the basic pathogenesis HVNNK brought together a number of drugs in the group fleboprotektorov and made their base in the conservative treatment. Many drugs are related to the number of VAP are of vegetable origin and presented as fitolekarstva. They are administered orally, tolerance to these drugs is good, side effects are rare. Important - they show a clear anti-edema effect, and also contribute to the disappearance or reduction of symptoms.
sulfonylureas
clinical research
during meals
traditional medicine
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is observed in more than 50% of adults, mostly brand viagra online aged 30-50 years. More than 65% of them - were women. Negative impact of chronic venous insufficiency on quality of life depends on the extent and severity of the pathological process. Patients with lesions of moderate severity did not feel comfortable, rather, an aesthetic nature, while the further development of the disease is accompanied by another, and pain. Women with moderate CVI complain primarily about the inconvenience of cosmetic (2 / 3 of all women), pain in the lower extremities and restrictions associated with CVD, there are equally common in men and women.
Chronic venous insufficiency - a disease of the veins, which is characterized by an increase in luminal diameter, thinning of the venous wall and the formation of "nodes" - anevrizmopodobnyh local extensions. The external signals CVI include "spider veins", "spider" and "mesh", as well as various seals in the legs and protruding veins. According to scientists, the main external factor contributing to varicose veins - bipedalism. As we know, there are no four-footed animals with chronic venous insufficiency, and the person the opportunity to walk on two legs to earn the risk pays chronic varicose veins. This risk increases significantly in people who have a lot to stand during the day, such as the sellers and hairdressers. But remember that sedentary work is not an escape from chronic venous insufficiency, in this case, circulation suffers in the same way as in the standing work. They do not like the veins and long walks - any dangerous monotony, and only the alternation of different types of loads may prevent the development of CVI. Significant role played by heredity - at CVI in one of the parents the child inherits it from the probability to 47%, while the disease in both parents - up to 89%.
In the development of the disease are three stages: compensation, and decompensation subcompensation. In the first stage of the disease are visible extended venous sites, there are complaints of fatigue and a feeling of heaviness in the legs, sometimes there is a local temperature rise in the region in knots. During stage subcompensation pain exacerbated the feeling of fullness in the affected limbs begin to disturb the swelling, which disappear after a long stay lying down with legs elevated. In decompensated swelling already observed continuously and virtually disappear, becoming visibly marked increase in venous sites, as well as diagnosed by enzymatic, metabolic and trophic disorders in the tissues.
Obviously, the expected beginning of the third stage of the disease is not necessary, it can be life threatening. The disease should be treated when the first complaints, and better yet - to prevent their occurrence and prevent the development of CVI. With the accumulation of clinical experience in the light of the pathogenesis of chronic venous insufficiency of the lower extremities (HVNNK) it became clear that so popular earlier surgical intervention is not always able to solve the problem and should pay attention to conservative therapy. Pharmacotherapy can arrest the clinical manifestations and to prevent complications, improve the tone of the venous wall, adjust hemorheological disorders and significantly improve the processes of microcirculation.
In the development of chronic venous insufficiency are three stages:
• compensation - has been an increase venous sites, there are complaints of fatigue and a feeling of heaviness in the legs, sometimes there is a local temperature rise in knots;
• subindemnification - pain exacerbated the feeling of fullness in the affected limbs begin to disturb the swelling, which disappear after a long stay lying down with legs elevated;
• decompensation - edema observed continuously and virtually disappear, becoming visibly marked increase in venous sites, as well as diagnosed by enzymatic, metabolic and trophic disorders in the tissues.
Because drug treatment of CVI is carried out in a long time, the drugs used should have a minimum of undesirable effects, good tolerability and be comfortable to use. Most commercially available phytotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of CVI have similar properties, but only for a few of them have efficacy has been proven in clinical trials.
During the experiments, it was confirmed that the leaf extract of red grapes contains pharmacologically active flavonoids, the main ones are quercetin-glucuronide and izokvertsetin. During the oxidation of flavonoids formation of free radicals, which may affect enzymatic processes. Preparations containing leaf extract of red grapes, have a protective effect on the epithelium of blood vessels and increase the elasticity of blood vessels, thus normalizing vascular permeability, and affecting the system of "hyaluronic acid - hyaluronidase. It was found that decreasing the permeability of the vascular wall to plasma proteins from blood vessels into surrounding tissue slows the formation of edema and can reduce existing edema.
Leaf extract of red grapes is created on the basis of modern technologies with the use of natural extractive substances. It is worth emphasizing that the safety of this medicinal plant is especially important for patients with chronic diseases who were forced to receive treatment for a long time.
Currently, modern flebotropnye drugs through multivalent mechanism of action and minimal side effects are widely used for pharmacological correction of CVI. They can be used as monotherapy, in combination with surgery, elastic compression, physiotherapy procedures and remedial actions.
Reception preparations containing flavonoids, can cut or significantly reduce the symptoms of disease.
Expert opinion
Rostislav SINITSYN, doctor of the highest category of the Department of Surgery NMHTS them. NI Pirogov
As is known, the veins of the lower limbs represent a tree, consisting of large, medium and small branches, between which there are connections. Clearance of lower limb veins is almost 10 times greater than the lumen of the arteries. The wall of the vein, in contrast to the arterial wall, it does not express the muscle layer, resulting in blood in the veins rises under the influence of blood pressure. The rate of blood flow through the veins have a big effect to reduce the leg muscles - the muscle tone. Contracting, the muscles cause blood to climb up and even complete rest the muscles are in a constant tone, which promotes blood flow. When a person is in an upright position, the hydrostatic pressure acts in a direction opposite to the current venous blood, and creates in the veins of the lower limbs high blood pressure. Backflow of blood in a standing position and during exercise oppose venous valves. With congenital or acquired weakness of the connective tissue of muscles and vein walls precisely organized circulatory system begins to falter. The main risk factors that vitiate or contribute to the development of the disease are age, heredity, gender, multiple pregnancy, obesity, type of work, sedentary lifestyle, prolonged static loads and high growth.
It must be noted that the population of civilized countries are increasingly sedentary both at work and at home, sitting in front of the TV, and an increase in the amount of free time, only a few people associated with sports. Professions associated with the position of standing or sitting motionless, as characterized by an increased brand name levitra risk of developing varicose veins. This risk increases depending on the length of the profession. Smoking is known to cause various forms of arteriopathy. Statistics show that smokers are more likely to suffer from CVD than non-smokers. Other risk factors include poor nutrition, constipation, insufficient fiber intake, inguinal hernia and elevated blood pressure. In Western Europe, the cost of treatment of diseases of veins are about 2%. Faster and more often they lead to disability - access to the disability of the complications of venous disease are among the highest. However, most relevant for each patient with CVI - a substantial decline in the quality of life. To prevent venous disorders should try to lose weight, improve blood circulation of regular physical exercise as a long-haul flights on the plane every hour or two to walk ten minutes through the cabin, do not wear tight tights and socks, and with the least complaints of pain in my legs to see a doctor.
Today phlebologist arsenal of treatment options is very wide. Basis of the modern treatment of chronic venous disease are minimally invasive technology using endoscopic techniques, medical lasers, radio waves, and cryosurgery. Means of ultrasonic imaging provide accurate surgery, providing intra-and postoperative control. But, as it had not improved today, various surgical methods, a problem which is called "chronic venous disease, is multifaceted and requires an integrated approach. Indispensable for the treatment of CVI venoaktivnye drugs. Venoaktivnye products (VAP) - a term that was adopted by the international phlebological recommendations. Flebotropnye drugs are the basis for medical treatment, because they increase the outflow of the lower extremities. This is achieved by summing up the impacts on various parts of microvasculature. The main products is a fleboprotektivnyh flebotonicheskoe action, many of them directly affect the contractility of the venous wall, as well as stimulate lymph flow and possess anti-inflammatory activity. It is this feature that allows to work on the basic pathogenesis HVNNK brought together a number of drugs in the group fleboprotektorov and made their base in the conservative treatment. Many drugs are related to the number of VAP are of vegetable origin and presented as fitolekarstva. They are administered orally, tolerance to these drugs is good, side effects are rare. Important - they show a clear anti-edema effect, and also contribute to the disappearance or reduction of symptoms.
sulfonylureas
clinical research
during meals
traditional medicine
domingo, 9 de enero de 2011
Intra-abdominal infections
Microbial structure of intra-abdominal infections
These microbiological studies are crucial for the rational therapy of abdominal infections in surgery. Microbiological diagnosis can identify resistant bacteria and in a timely manner to optimize the use of antibiotics. Studies conducted in our clinic and at other centers confirm the polymicrobial nature of intra-abdominal infections involving a wide spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria [3, 6].
The main causative agents of infectious diseases and complications in surgical patients are Gram-negative bacteria, the primary among which are representatives of Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia), Pseudomonas, as well as asporogenous anaerobes, especially bacteroides. In the overall structure of intra-abdominal infections Gram-positive organisms account for one third [3, 6]. When intra-abdominal abscesses of different localization established dominance of anaerobic bacteria (bacteroides, fuzobakterii, peptokokk, clostridia) in association with aerobes.
It should be noted that in the microbiological structure of intra-abdominal brand viagra infectious complications developing in the postoperative period or during the hospital stay, special significance of hospital strains of pathogens: coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas atsinetobakter. These organisms are highly polyvalent and antibiotic resistance, which is extremely difficult to effective treatment of patients. Huge problem in this respect are gram-negative microorganisms, such as, Acinetobacter spp., Resistant to many antibiotics. Effective against these pathogens only carbapenems, some cephalosporins and aminoglycosides (netilmicin, amikacin).
The results of microbiological studies are the foundation of the regime targeted antibiotic therapy. Correctness and reliability of these expensive studies depends on the compliance sampling of biological material.
Causes of false negative and false-positive results of microbiological studies are errors with the fence material and transporting it to the lab; bactericidal activity of antiseptics, local anesthetics and drugs acting on the CNS, which are used in anesthesia and surgical procedures, lack of precision in assessing antibiotic susceptibility in vitro. However, it should be emphasized that microbiological investigations are the basis for evidence-based clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.
Principles of antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infections
The problem of antimicrobial therapy in complex treatment of patients with complicated intra-abdominal surgical infections blockade of systemic inflammatory response at the level of exogenous microbial mediators. In a clinical sense, it is primarily to prevent persistence of generalization and relapse of infection in the vast surface of the peritoneum, or retroperitoneal space. Major role in the treatment of complications of intra-abdominal infections is adequate surgical intervention. However, the contribution of antibiotic therapy in reducing mortality in patients with peritonitis from 1900 to 1980 did not exceed 20% [10]. In fairness it should be noted that the importance of intensive therapy in improving outcomes of abdominal sepsis is around 15%. The remaining 70% are a function of optimizing the surgical treatment and diagnosis. However, inadequate antimicrobial therapy plays a very significant negative role.
Basic principles of antibacterial therapy (ABT) in abdominal surgery include the following:
ABT, as a mandatory component of complex therapy intra-abdominal infections, surgical treatment is only complements, but does not replace it.
TSA aims to prevent the continuing re-infection after the operation at the source of infection and, thus, the prevention of recurrent intra-abdominal infections.
ABT is the main treatment ekstraabdominalnyh nosocomial infections (pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, uroinfektsiya), provided the cause of its development.
TSA, in contrast to other types of drug therapy has a significant focus of specific action against the major causative agents of surgical infection. In connection with this action of the antibiotic depends on its ability to penetrate the infected tissues and organs, ie, an optimal concentration of the inflammation, as determined by the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the antibiotic.
ABT surgical infection should take into account the potential adverse and toxic effects of the drug, the severity of the main and concomitant diseases.
ABT can not be ignored, and economic issues. Crucial for the results of complex treatment of patients with abdominal sepsis is adequate empirical therapy, ie, therapy prior to viagra help with premature ejaculation microbiological data in individual patients.
Strategy ABT intra-abdominal infections should be a two-step.
The first stage of most early treatment most effective antibiotic or a combination thereof. Selection is determined by the severity of the patient, the localization of infection and suspected pathogens. Where indicated the serious condition of the patient, nosocomial infections, etc. appropriate use of drugs such as carbapenems, cephalosporins IV generation inhibitor penicillins (IZP), fluoroquinolones.
Epididymitis
function of insulin
Neutrophil production
These microbiological studies are crucial for the rational therapy of abdominal infections in surgery. Microbiological diagnosis can identify resistant bacteria and in a timely manner to optimize the use of antibiotics. Studies conducted in our clinic and at other centers confirm the polymicrobial nature of intra-abdominal infections involving a wide spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria [3, 6].
The main causative agents of infectious diseases and complications in surgical patients are Gram-negative bacteria, the primary among which are representatives of Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia), Pseudomonas, as well as asporogenous anaerobes, especially bacteroides. In the overall structure of intra-abdominal infections Gram-positive organisms account for one third [3, 6]. When intra-abdominal abscesses of different localization established dominance of anaerobic bacteria (bacteroides, fuzobakterii, peptokokk, clostridia) in association with aerobes.
It should be noted that in the microbiological structure of intra-abdominal brand viagra infectious complications developing in the postoperative period or during the hospital stay, special significance of hospital strains of pathogens: coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas atsinetobakter. These organisms are highly polyvalent and antibiotic resistance, which is extremely difficult to effective treatment of patients. Huge problem in this respect are gram-negative microorganisms, such as, Acinetobacter spp., Resistant to many antibiotics. Effective against these pathogens only carbapenems, some cephalosporins and aminoglycosides (netilmicin, amikacin).
The results of microbiological studies are the foundation of the regime targeted antibiotic therapy. Correctness and reliability of these expensive studies depends on the compliance sampling of biological material.
Causes of false negative and false-positive results of microbiological studies are errors with the fence material and transporting it to the lab; bactericidal activity of antiseptics, local anesthetics and drugs acting on the CNS, which are used in anesthesia and surgical procedures, lack of precision in assessing antibiotic susceptibility in vitro. However, it should be emphasized that microbiological investigations are the basis for evidence-based clinical trials evaluating the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.
Principles of antibiotic therapy for intra-abdominal infections
The problem of antimicrobial therapy in complex treatment of patients with complicated intra-abdominal surgical infections blockade of systemic inflammatory response at the level of exogenous microbial mediators. In a clinical sense, it is primarily to prevent persistence of generalization and relapse of infection in the vast surface of the peritoneum, or retroperitoneal space. Major role in the treatment of complications of intra-abdominal infections is adequate surgical intervention. However, the contribution of antibiotic therapy in reducing mortality in patients with peritonitis from 1900 to 1980 did not exceed 20% [10]. In fairness it should be noted that the importance of intensive therapy in improving outcomes of abdominal sepsis is around 15%. The remaining 70% are a function of optimizing the surgical treatment and diagnosis. However, inadequate antimicrobial therapy plays a very significant negative role.
Basic principles of antibacterial therapy (ABT) in abdominal surgery include the following:
ABT, as a mandatory component of complex therapy intra-abdominal infections, surgical treatment is only complements, but does not replace it.
TSA aims to prevent the continuing re-infection after the operation at the source of infection and, thus, the prevention of recurrent intra-abdominal infections.
ABT is the main treatment ekstraabdominalnyh nosocomial infections (pneumonia, tracheobronchitis, uroinfektsiya), provided the cause of its development.
TSA, in contrast to other types of drug therapy has a significant focus of specific action against the major causative agents of surgical infection. In connection with this action of the antibiotic depends on its ability to penetrate the infected tissues and organs, ie, an optimal concentration of the inflammation, as determined by the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the antibiotic.
ABT surgical infection should take into account the potential adverse and toxic effects of the drug, the severity of the main and concomitant diseases.
ABT can not be ignored, and economic issues. Crucial for the results of complex treatment of patients with abdominal sepsis is adequate empirical therapy, ie, therapy prior to viagra help with premature ejaculation microbiological data in individual patients.
Strategy ABT intra-abdominal infections should be a two-step.
The first stage of most early treatment most effective antibiotic or a combination thereof. Selection is determined by the severity of the patient, the localization of infection and suspected pathogens. Where indicated the serious condition of the patient, nosocomial infections, etc. appropriate use of drugs such as carbapenems, cephalosporins IV generation inhibitor penicillins (IZP), fluoroquinolones.
Epididymitis
function of insulin
Neutrophil production
domingo, 2 de enero de 2011
Various nations
Representatives of various nations and the more different races tend to various diseases and they have different action of drugs. This does not mean that one race or nation are better than others, just in their DNA, different blocks of genes. Related factors for disease are social and economic conditions, eating habits, environment, lifestyles of the nation, etc.
Studies conducted in the period from 1996 to 2001 at the American University of South Carolina, showed that African American women in the body contains more than Indian women or white women, lipoprotein - a substance that promotes the formation of plaques in blood vessels of the "bad" cholesterol. The presence of certain gene explains the more frequent occurrence of thrombosis in African-American women. Two years ago, published the results of a study on depression: white people, especially the Anglo-Irish roots, is more common gene variant that limits the production of serotonin, which means that the risk of depression, but blacks, by contrast, has a "protective" variant. Osteoporosis often occurs in white women of European ancestry than blacks. Overweight, common among blacks, is less dangerous for them than for whites.
Second type of diabetes affects 15 million Americans - almost 6% of the U.S. population, but it's mostly negros and Mexican Indian tribes. Diabetes affects of Pima Indians 10 times more than all the other inhabitants of the planet. In this regard, it is conjectured that the Pima Indians for centuries of hungry and malnourished and they spread gene variants, which in the past to protect and promote the accumulation of fats, but today, these genes only harm.
Found that some vaccine one Australian company is better brand name viagra act on the white Europeans and Asians. One of the drugs, which has carcinogenic properties of the side, is less dangerous for blacks than for whites.
Increasingly, American doctors after the measurement of pressure, the usual questions about the disease that is brought as a child, bad habits of parents, ask the patient about the origin of the family and ancestors: from Europe, Africa and India. This is not racism. Response may facilitate the diagnosis, to identify some genetic factors that influenced the disease, and in the future, possibly near, prescribe, depending on the patient's race the most effective drug.
Two years ago, there have been reports about an experiment being conducted in 160 American clinics. In the experiment with a new pharmacological treatment for certain heart diseases involve thousands of volunteers. All of them are black, because, according to statistics, these diseases are particularly vulnerable to African Americans. At an extremely costly experiment was obtained permit the federal government. A new drug called "Bayda will become the first" ethnic drug. "
A study conducted by the manufacturer of the drug company - Nitromed Incorporated, - showed that its use reduced the number of deaths from heart failure among black patients almost doubled, and the need for inpatient treatment fell by 39%. Do members of other racial groups, among which was held two of these same studies, Biden was not nearly as effective.
Until two years ago around the experiment baydilom an acute discussion. Opponents called him a "scientific heresy" or even racist blasphemy. They believe that there can be no biological reason to cure effectively with people of one race, and believe that this is nothing more than advertising campaign pharmaceutical company Nitromed, received a license to produce Bayda exclusively for blacks for 15 years.
However, the Office of the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a new drug for the treatment of heart failure. For the first Not just a byproduct time the authorities approved the drug only for black people in the country. Bayda is a combination of two known drugs, none of which has not been approved for the treatment of heart failure. Doctors still do not quite understand how these two drugs act together. Despite the fact that management has approved the use of Bayda only for blacks, doctors can prescribe it to anyone who, in their opinion, the drug can help.
Office of the Food and Drug Administration, the organization is extremely strict, insisted that this decision - a step to more individualized medicine.
This issue was discussed not only genetics, but also ethnologists, sociologists, religious figures: the country with 123 different nations and nationalities of the discussion about the color of the skin began three centuries ago, but today it has moved into the sphere of genetic research.
Great expectations are associated with the creation of a special international card, which will determine a person's DNA blocks of genes responsible for belonging to a particular race. The project involving the best researchers from America and other countries, its implementation has already allocated $ 100 million. The ultimate goal is to collect thousands of blood samples from all over the world and study of these samples. According to sociologist at New York University, Troy Duster, "there is a dilemma of how to conduct such studies and to avoid danger at the same racist stereotypes." The solution offers another scientist: "Only specific data. And then common sense."
In the United States, where any public discussion of racial differences may be perceived as discrimination, which equates to crime, a country addicted to political correctness, etnogenetike - the science dealing with the study of drugs for members of different ethnic groups, even the inhabitants of different regions - have to move on a minefield.
Professor Aliy Asanov, Head of the Department of Medical Genetics, Moscow Medical Academy, said: here, in essence, two interrelated issues - first, to a greater degree of scientific, related to issues of human genetic diversity, and the second, more ethical - the possibility and admissibility of the impact certain substances, including drugs, to specific groups of people, ethnic groups, races. The cornerstone of the issues discussed is a proven scientific fact that all people on earth belong to one species - homo sapiens. This means that the genetic constitution of any human being has the same genes that control the same traits or characteristics. In the process of becoming of mankind dispersed throughout oykumene: from circumpolar regions to the arid zones of the deep lowlands to highlands.
Significant differences in habitat caused significant changes in the proportion of different alleles (alternative forms) of different genes in different ethnic groups (races), depending on their adaptive characteristics. Some alleles were given certain advantages of their holders in a particular habitat to others. Therefore, some ethnic groups may differ from others in the frequency of specific alleles. But we must always remember that these differences are only the frequencies of alleles, rather than the presence or absence of the gene itself. Different alleles may have by some different properties, for example, the transformation rate of a given substance, including medication, in its inactive form. Or "fast" allele in a short time removes from the body a particular substance, and "slow" contributes to its accumulation. Not surprising that some drugs are more effective in the treatment of certain diseases in the majority of members of certain ethnic groups or races. However, the differences reflect only the characteristics of the allelic diversity of human populations due to differences among the formation of ethnic groups, races, not the actual species homo sapiens.
Genetic analysis
American people
Studies conducted in the period from 1996 to 2001 at the American University of South Carolina, showed that African American women in the body contains more than Indian women or white women, lipoprotein - a substance that promotes the formation of plaques in blood vessels of the "bad" cholesterol. The presence of certain gene explains the more frequent occurrence of thrombosis in African-American women. Two years ago, published the results of a study on depression: white people, especially the Anglo-Irish roots, is more common gene variant that limits the production of serotonin, which means that the risk of depression, but blacks, by contrast, has a "protective" variant. Osteoporosis often occurs in white women of European ancestry than blacks. Overweight, common among blacks, is less dangerous for them than for whites.
Second type of diabetes affects 15 million Americans - almost 6% of the U.S. population, but it's mostly negros and Mexican Indian tribes. Diabetes affects of Pima Indians 10 times more than all the other inhabitants of the planet. In this regard, it is conjectured that the Pima Indians for centuries of hungry and malnourished and they spread gene variants, which in the past to protect and promote the accumulation of fats, but today, these genes only harm.
Found that some vaccine one Australian company is better brand name viagra act on the white Europeans and Asians. One of the drugs, which has carcinogenic properties of the side, is less dangerous for blacks than for whites.
Increasingly, American doctors after the measurement of pressure, the usual questions about the disease that is brought as a child, bad habits of parents, ask the patient about the origin of the family and ancestors: from Europe, Africa and India. This is not racism. Response may facilitate the diagnosis, to identify some genetic factors that influenced the disease, and in the future, possibly near, prescribe, depending on the patient's race the most effective drug.
Two years ago, there have been reports about an experiment being conducted in 160 American clinics. In the experiment with a new pharmacological treatment for certain heart diseases involve thousands of volunteers. All of them are black, because, according to statistics, these diseases are particularly vulnerable to African Americans. At an extremely costly experiment was obtained permit the federal government. A new drug called "Bayda will become the first" ethnic drug. "
A study conducted by the manufacturer of the drug company - Nitromed Incorporated, - showed that its use reduced the number of deaths from heart failure among black patients almost doubled, and the need for inpatient treatment fell by 39%. Do members of other racial groups, among which was held two of these same studies, Biden was not nearly as effective.
Until two years ago around the experiment baydilom an acute discussion. Opponents called him a "scientific heresy" or even racist blasphemy. They believe that there can be no biological reason to cure effectively with people of one race, and believe that this is nothing more than advertising campaign pharmaceutical company Nitromed, received a license to produce Bayda exclusively for blacks for 15 years.
However, the Office of the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a new drug for the treatment of heart failure. For the first Not just a byproduct time the authorities approved the drug only for black people in the country. Bayda is a combination of two known drugs, none of which has not been approved for the treatment of heart failure. Doctors still do not quite understand how these two drugs act together. Despite the fact that management has approved the use of Bayda only for blacks, doctors can prescribe it to anyone who, in their opinion, the drug can help.
Office of the Food and Drug Administration, the organization is extremely strict, insisted that this decision - a step to more individualized medicine.
This issue was discussed not only genetics, but also ethnologists, sociologists, religious figures: the country with 123 different nations and nationalities of the discussion about the color of the skin began three centuries ago, but today it has moved into the sphere of genetic research.
Great expectations are associated with the creation of a special international card, which will determine a person's DNA blocks of genes responsible for belonging to a particular race. The project involving the best researchers from America and other countries, its implementation has already allocated $ 100 million. The ultimate goal is to collect thousands of blood samples from all over the world and study of these samples. According to sociologist at New York University, Troy Duster, "there is a dilemma of how to conduct such studies and to avoid danger at the same racist stereotypes." The solution offers another scientist: "Only specific data. And then common sense."
In the United States, where any public discussion of racial differences may be perceived as discrimination, which equates to crime, a country addicted to political correctness, etnogenetike - the science dealing with the study of drugs for members of different ethnic groups, even the inhabitants of different regions - have to move on a minefield.
Professor Aliy Asanov, Head of the Department of Medical Genetics, Moscow Medical Academy, said: here, in essence, two interrelated issues - first, to a greater degree of scientific, related to issues of human genetic diversity, and the second, more ethical - the possibility and admissibility of the impact certain substances, including drugs, to specific groups of people, ethnic groups, races. The cornerstone of the issues discussed is a proven scientific fact that all people on earth belong to one species - homo sapiens. This means that the genetic constitution of any human being has the same genes that control the same traits or characteristics. In the process of becoming of mankind dispersed throughout oykumene: from circumpolar regions to the arid zones of the deep lowlands to highlands.
Significant differences in habitat caused significant changes in the proportion of different alleles (alternative forms) of different genes in different ethnic groups (races), depending on their adaptive characteristics. Some alleles were given certain advantages of their holders in a particular habitat to others. Therefore, some ethnic groups may differ from others in the frequency of specific alleles. But we must always remember that these differences are only the frequencies of alleles, rather than the presence or absence of the gene itself. Different alleles may have by some different properties, for example, the transformation rate of a given substance, including medication, in its inactive form. Or "fast" allele in a short time removes from the body a particular substance, and "slow" contributes to its accumulation. Not surprising that some drugs are more effective in the treatment of certain diseases in the majority of members of certain ethnic groups or races. However, the differences reflect only the characteristics of the allelic diversity of human populations due to differences among the formation of ethnic groups, races, not the actual species homo sapiens.
Genetic analysis
American people
Suscribirse a:
Entradas (Atom)